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In today’s fast moving world, the car has a special place in human life, so that the driving skill is considered a necessary skill for the general public.
For a better and more appropriate use of a car, it is necessary to know its different parts. The main parts of a car are the engine, power transmission, springs and suspension, electricity, steering , wheels and brakes, body and chassis.
But the most important part of the car, or to say better, the heart of the car, is its engine.
The work of a car is to convert chemical energy into mechanical energy and makes the car move.
Cars are divided into four categories: gasoline, diesel, hybrid, and electric, and in this article we will focus on gasoline cars:
Cylinder block, cylinder head and crankcase these three parts form the foundation and main stationary body of the automobile engine.A cylinder block consists of three parts:
The cylinder in which the piston slid up and down.
The port or opening for the valves.
The passages for the flow of cooling water.
The cylinder block is usually made of grey cast iron or aluminium and its alloys.
While the crankcase is fixed to its bottom. Apart from these other parts like timing gear water pump, ignition distributor, flywheel, fuel pump etc., are also attached to it.
Passages are provided in the cylinder walls for the circulation of cooling water.
Mating surfaces of the block are carefully machined to provide a perfect sealing surface.
Cylinder block also carries lubrication oil to various components through drilled passages called oil galleries.
Another type of engine parts is cylinder head it is joint between the cylinder head and cylinder block.
It is usually made up of cast iron and aluminium alloy.
The top of the cylinder is covered by a separate cast piece know as the cylinder head.
The cylinder head is attached to the cylinder block by means of studs fixed to the block gaskets are used to provide a tight, leak-proof joint between the head and block.
Cylinder head contains a combustion chamber above each cylinder.
It also contains valve guides, valve seats, ports, coolant jackets and threaded holes for spark plugs. It incorporates passages for the flow of cooling water.Depending upon the valve and port layout, the cylinder head may be classified into three types as follows:
Loop flow type: In the loop, flow types the inlet and the exhaust manifolds are on the same side, which facilitates preheating of the intake air.
Offset cross flow type: Offset cross flow types the inlet and the exhaust manifolds are placed on different sides of the cylinder head.
In line cross flow type: In line cross-flow type, the valve is positioned transversely and usually inclined to each other, while the inlet and the exhaust manifolds are on different sides of the cylinder head. This arrangement gives better performance, but it is costlier.
The oil pan and the lower part of the cylinder block together are called the crankcase. It is the bottom portion of the cylinder block, in which the crankshaft is fitted.
Crank case of engine:
This is a rigid construction made of grey cast iron or aluminium. Either it can be cast integrally with the block or can be cast separately and attached to the block with bolts.
The crankcase is shaped simply like a box having no bottom. Oil pan or sump forms the bottom half of the crankcase.
The function of the crankcase is to provide support for the main journals and bearing of the crankshaft, rigidly maintaining the alignment of their axes of rotation under various engine loads.
The crankcase is supported in the crankcase through a number of bearing called the main bearing.
The bottom half of the crankcase is called the oil pan or sump. It is attached to the crankcase through set screws and with a gasket to make the joint leak proof. The oil pan serves as a reservoir for the storage, cooling and ventilation of engine lubricating oil.
At the bottom of the oil sump, a drain plug is provided to drain out the dirty oil at the time of oil replacement. Generally, the sump is made of pressed steel sheet or aluminium alloy casting is used.
The various functions of the oil pan as follows:
To store the oil for the engine lubrication system.
Oil pan used to collect the return oil draining
To serve as a container for impurities or foreign matters
Oil pan provides for cooling of the hot oil in the sump.
Line diagram of oil pan
Working
The oil pump in the lubricating system draws oil from the oil pan and sends it to all working parts in the engine.
The oil drains off and runs down into the pan.
Thus there is a constant circulation of oil between the pan and the working parts of the engine.
There are separate sets of pipes attached to the cylinder head which carry the air-fuel mixture and the exhaust gases, these are called manifolds. It is generally made of cast iron so that it is able to withstand the high temperature of the exhaust gases.
It consists of the air intake, throttle body, intake manifold flange for tail-pipe and flange for a carburettor.
The air goes into the air intake travels through, throttle body into the intake manifold and from there it goes into the engine through the cylinder head.
The inlet manifold carries the air-fuel mixture from the carburettor to the cylinders.
The exhaust manifold is the set of pipes carrying exhaust gases from the cylinder head to the exhaust system.
These are used to provide a tight fitting joint between two surfaces.
the joint between the cylinder head and the cylinder block
Between crankcase and oil pan.
Between the cylinder block and manifold.
Types of gaskets used in engines
Copper-asbestos gasket.
Steel-asbestos gasket.
Steel-asbestos-copper gasket.
Single steel ridged or corrugated gasket.
Stainless steel gasket.
These are cylindrical shapes used in the cylinders to avoid the problem of cylinder wear. It is one of the most important functional parts to make up the interior of an engine.
Cylinder liners are of two types:Dry liners and wet liners.
Pistons are most important engine parts compared to others. The piston is a cylindrical plug that moves up and down in the cylinder.
The piston rings are fitted into the grooves of the piston to maintain a good seal between the piston and the cylinder wall.
The number of piston rings used is about 2 to 4 compression rings and 1 to 2 oil control ring was used but in modern design the number if rings usually three out of which one is the oil control ring.
To form a seal for the high pressures gases from the combustion chamber entering into the crankcase.
The piston ring provides easy passage for heat flow from the piston crown to the cylinder walls.
To maintain sufficient lubrication oil on cylinder walls throughout the entire length the piston travel, hence it minimizes the cylinder wear.
Mainly there are two types of piston rings as follows:
Compression rings: Fig shown a simple sketch of Compression rings. these rings effectively seal the compression pressure and the leakage of the combustion gasses. these are fitted in the top grooves. They also transfer heat from the piston to the cylinder walls.
Oil control rings: The Figure shows a simple sketch of oil control ring. The main purpose of the oil ring is to scrape the excess oil from the liner and return it back to the oil sump during the downward and upward movement of the piston. It prevents the oil from reaching the combustion chamber. One of two oil control rings is used in a piston. If two rings are used one has fitted above and other is fitted below the gudgeon pin in the piston These rings are provided with drain holes or slots. these slots allow the scraped oil to reach into the oil sump through the piston holes.
The main function of the connecting rod is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotary motion of the crankshaft.
The connecting rod usually has I-beam cross-section and is made of alloy steel of duralumin by drop forging.
Nowadays it is also cast from malleable or spheroidal graphite C.I.
The small end of the connecting rod has either a solid eye used to connect the piston by the piston pin.
The big end of the connecting rod is always split is used to connect the crank pin of the crankshaft.
The piston pin is also called wrist pin or gudgeon pin. It is used for connecting the small end of the connecting rod and the piston.
The crankshaft is the engine component from which the power is taken. It is one of the main power transmission sources in all engine parts.
The Crankshaft is the first part of the power transmission system in which the reciprocating motion of the piston is converted into the rotating motion with the help of connecting rod.
A camshaft is a shaft on which cams are mounted. A cam is a device that changes the rotary motion of the camshaft into the linear motion of the follower. A camshaft is responsible for the opening of the valves.
A camshaft has a number of cams along the length, two cams for each cylinder, one to operate the inlet valve and the other the exhaust valve.
In addition, the camshaft has an eccentric to operate the fuel pump and gear to drive the ignition distributor and oil pump.
The camshaft is driven by the crankshaft. The camshaft gear has twice as many teeth as the gear on the crankshaft.
Camshaft made from forged alloy steel.
This gives 1:2 gear ratio, the camshaft turns at half the speed of the crankshaft.
Thus, every two revolutions of the crankshaft produce one revolution o the camshaft and one opening and closing of each valve, in the four-cylinder engine.
Thus there is correct opening and closing of the valves takes in relation to the position of the piston in the cylinder.
There are three types of camshaft drive mechanism as follows,
Gear drive.
Chain drive.
Belt drive.
The flywheel used in a transmission system of a vehicle.
A flywheel is a heavy steel wheel attached to the rear end of the crankshaft.
The size of the flywheel depends upon the number of cylinders and the construction of the engine.
During the power stroke, the engine tends to speed up and during the other strokes, it tends to slow down.
The inertia of the flywheel tends to keep the running of the crankshaft at a constant speed. Hence the engine speed is maintained constant.
Engine valves are essential to control the timing of air-fuel mixture entry into the cylinder and combustion products out of the cylinders.
These are located at the inlet and outlet opening of the engine cylinder.
The valves fit on the valve seats in their closed position.
There are three types of engine valves as follows:
15.1 Poppet valve
This is the most widely used valve in automobile engines. The poppet valve is given the name because of its motion of popping up and down.
Poppet valve used in engine valves
Its construction is very simple. This is also called a mushroom valve, because of its shape.
15.2 Sleeve Valve
The sleeve valve as the name implies, that it is a tube or sleeve kept between the cylinder wall and the piston.
The inner surface of the sleeve actually forms the inner cylinder barrel in which the piston slides.
The sleeve is in continuous motion and admits and drives out the gases by virtue of the periodic coincidence of port cut in the sleeve with ports formed through the main cylinder casting.
15.3 Rotary valve
Fig showed a simple sketch of Rotary Valve. There are many types of rotary valves. The figure shows the disc type rotary valve. It consists of a rotating disc which has a port. While rotating, it communicates s alternately with the inlet and exhaust manifolds.
In petrol engines, the carburettor control both air and fuel supply to the engine cylinder under speed and load conditions.
They vary the supply of air-fuel mixture to meet the given condition. But in the diesel engine, the governor is used to keep the engine speed within limits.
The main functions of a governor are to regulate the supply of fuel through some mechanism so that the engine speed remains within its range.
On increased load, the engine speed decreases.
When the load decreases, the engine speed increases.
Without a governor, the engine speed increases at lighter loads and the dynamic stresses damage the engine parts.
The governor which is set for a particular engine speed operates a mechanism such that more fuel is injected to increase the engine power.
Governor, in this case, operates the mechanism to reduce the supply of fuel in the engine. It is essential to keep the engine speed within limits.
Types of Governor:
Mechanical Governor or Torque control Governor or Centrifugal governor.
Pneumatic Governor.
Hydraulic Governor.
It all started back in 1506 when no one else than Leonardo da Vinci described a compression-less engine -his description may not imply that the idea was original with him or that it was actually buil. The same thing was done a sentury and a half latter, in 1673 by Christiaan Huygens. In 1794, Robert Street built a compression-less engine whose principle of operation would dominate for nearly a century. English inventor Sir Samuel Morland used gunpowder to drive water pumps in the 17th century.
The first internal combustion engine to be Applied industrially was patented by Samual Brown in 1823. It was based on what Hardenberg calls the “Leonardo cycle”, which, as this name implies, was already out of date at that time. The Italians Eugenio Barsanti and Felice Matteucci patented the first working, efficient internal combustion engine in 1854 in London but did not get into production with it.
In 1860, Etienne Lenoir produced a gas-fired internal combustion engine not dissimilar in appearance to a steam beam engine. This closely resembled a horizontal double acting steam engine, with cylinders, pistons, connecting-rods and fly wheel in which the gas essentially took the place of the steam. This was the first internal combustion engine to be produced in numbers. The American Samuel Morey received a patent on April 1, 1826 for a “Gas Or Vapor Engine”.
In 1862 Nikolaus Otto designed an indirect-acting free-piston compression-less engine whose greater efficiency won the support of Langen and then most of the market, which at that time, was mostly for small stationary engines fueled by lighting gas. Then, in 1876 working with Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach developed a practical four-stroke cycle (Otto cycle) engine. The German courts, however, did not hold his patent to cover all in-cylinder compression engines or even the four stroke cycle, and after this decision in-cylinder compression became universal.
More than 250 years of the “engine history” have passed untill Karl Benz, 1879, developed an internal combustion engine based on Nikolaus Otto’s design of the four-stroke engine. Later Benz designed and built his own four-stroke engine that was used in his automobiles, which became the first automobiles in production. After 18 years, in 1896 he invented the boxer engine, also known as the horizontally opposed engine, in which the corresponding pistons reach top dead centre at the same time, thus balancing each other in momentum.
Internal Combustion Engine
The internal combustion engine is a heat engine in which the burning of a fuel occurs in a confined space called a combustion chamber. This exothermic reaction of a fuel with an oxidizer creates gases of high temperature and pressure, which are permitted to expand. The defining feature of an internal combustion engine is that useful work is performed by the expanding hot gases acting directly to cause movement, for example by acting on pistons, rotors, or even by pressing on and moving the entire engine itself.
The internal combustion engine was invnented by Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir. Lenoir made the first internal combustion engine that provides a reliable and continuous source of power, which was the gas engine using coal gas, in 1860, in France.
The first practical internal combustion engine based heavily on experience from the production of steam engines. The engine had a horizontal cylinder; slide valves were used to draw in the fuel-air mixture; and it was double acting, the mixture being fed into the cylinder alternately at either end of the piston. Once it is in the cylinder the mixture was ignited by electric sparks generated at spark plugs by a coil and a battery. This ignition system, a primitive ancestor of modern electric ignition, was unreliable.
Because the first internal combustion engine was unreliable, many later pioneers made improvements of the first internal combustion engine. As a result many new engines were made. Such engines were the two and four stroke engine and the petrol engine. Siegfried Marcus in Austria in 1864 was able to create an engine that uses petrol as a fuel. The first internal combustion engine is the basic form for modern car engines.
V ENGINES
A V engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The pistons are aligned so that they appear to be in a V when viewed along the line of the crankshaft. The V configuration reduces the overall engine length and weight compared to an equivalent straight engine.
The first V-engine was invented by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in 1888. It was the first time that it was actually possible to give a measure for the angel between the cylinders – in this case it was just 17. The engine had 1050 cc and managed 4 bhp at 900 1/min.
V4 Engines
A V4 engine is a a V form engine with four cylinders. It was first used by Lancia starting 1922 through 1960. It was a narrow-angle aluminum design. All three displacements shared the same long 120 mm stroke, and all were SOHC designs with a single camshaft serving both banks of cylinders.
Two totally diferent engines were produced by Ford of Europe: one was the V4 engine used in the british Ford Essex and the second one the V4 engine of the german Ford Taunus. The first one was available in two capacities: 1633cc and 1996cc, differing only in stroke. The second one was a V4 piston engine with one balance shaft, introduced by Ford Motor Company in Germany in 1962. Later it was later expanded into the Ford Cologne V6 engine that is used in the Ford Capri and many other Ford cars. The Taunus V4 was replaced by the Ford OHC/Pinto engine.
V6 Engine
A V6 is an internal combustion piston engine with six cylinders in a “V” configuration. It is the second most common engine configuration in modern cars after the inline-4; it shares with that engine a compactness very suited to the popular front wheel drive layout, and is becoming more popular as car weights increase.
The first V6 was introduced by Lancia on the 1924 Lancia Lambda, but it made little impact. The design was reintroduced by the company in 1950 with the Lancia Aurelia; this time, other manufacturers took note and soon other V6 engines were in use. The design really took off after the 1962 introduction of the Buick Special. Though the model was not a spectacular success, it was the first mass-produced V6 engine. In 1983 Nissan produced Japan’s first V6 engine with the VG series.
V8 Engines
A V8 engine is a V engine with eight cylinders. The V8 is a very common configuration for large automobile engines. V8 engines are rarely less than 4 L in displacement and in automobile use have gone up to 8.5 L or so.
The first engine was a british one, developed by Rolls Royce: a 3.5 L Rolls-Royce Legalimit. But Cadillac was the first automobile maker to mass produce a V8 engine. The company has produced eight generations of V8s since 1914. The Type 51 was the first Cadillac V8. Introduced in 1914, it was the standard engine for 1915 Cadillac models. One significant innovation with the 70-horsepower, 314-cubic-inch (5.1 liter) L-head design was the thermostatic control of cooling-water circulation. The engine, multi-plate clutch and gearbox were combined in one bolted-together assembly. The United States War Department purchased over 2,000 standard Cadillac V8 models for use in Europe during World War I.
The V-8 engine was developed by France’s renowned auto maker, Count De Dion Bouton, so although it came as a distinct innovation in a stock American car, the principle was not a new one. Cadillac’s new V-8 engine was actually shorter and 60 lbs lighter than the four-cylinder motor that preceded it. Its high torque allowed speeds up to 55-60mph to be achieved in high gear. Quick acceleration was another benefit of the new 314 cubic inch motor rated at 31.25HP (SAE); dynamometer tests produced 70HP at 2,400 rpm. Other features of the new power plant include thermostatic control of the coolant temperature, forced-feed lubrication through a gear pump at the front of the motor, a gearbox attached to the motor rather than mounted amidships, as before, and a floating rear axle with worm bevel gears replacing the former straight bevels.
The engine was refined for 1923 with a new split crankshaft that introduced the (now standard) 90° offset for each pair of cylinders. Power was up to 83.5 hp. The L-Head was on the Ward’s 10 Best Engines of the 20th Century list.
Cadillac created a new V8, the 341, for 1928. It was a 341 in³ engine and produced 90 hp. The same year saw the introduction of the synchromesh transmission. This engine was used in the Series 341 and 341B cars of 1928 and 1929. From 1930 through 1935, Cadillac produced a version with an increased displacement of 5.8 L. This used a 3.38 in (85.7 mm) bore and 4.94 in (125.4 mm) stroke.
V10 Engine
A V10 engine is a V engine with 10 cylinders in two banks of five. The V10 configuration is not an inherently balanced design like an Inline6/V12. It can be balanced with crankshaft counterweights as a odd firing 90 degree Vee engine (BMW M5, Dodge Viper). It can be balanced with a balance shaft as an even firing 72 degree engine, or with a split crankshaft journal 90 degree Vee angle (Lamborghini Gallardo, Ford 6.8 V10).
Until recently V10s had rarely been a popular configuration for road cars: a V12 is only slightly more complicated and runs more smoothly and a V8 is less complex and more economical. The V10 engine was used starting 1994 in the Dodge Ram.
V12 Engine
A V12 engine is a V engine with 12 cylinders. Like a straight-6, this configuration has perfect primary and secondary balance no matter which V angle is used and therefore needs no balance shafts.
The first V12 engine was used in 1912 in Packard’s “Double Six”, but before the World War II the engine was used in a lot of luxury cars: Cadillac, Packard, Lincoln, Franklin, Rolls-Royce, and Hispano-Suiza.
After the World War II the type lost favor in the United States, where the V8 engine became ubiquitous. Italian sports cars from such makers as Ferrari and Lamborghini used the V12 almost exclusively on their highest-performance vehicles, while Jaguar developed a V12 that was put into production in 1971 and lasted until 1997. Ferrari’s newest V12 (used in the 599) is based on the Ferrari Enzo’s, while the company’s flat 12 engine is really a 180° V12.
Honda was founded in 1946 by Soichiro Honda, Takeo Fujisawa. Its corporate head office is in Minato, Tokyo, Japan. Takahiro Hachigo is the current president and CEO. Their subsidiaries are American Honda Finance Corporation, Acura, etc. Honda X-ADV, Honda Dio is their top motorcycle models.
Honda is a Japanese car company that has mastered the art of making efficient engines. Due to this reason, the company is ahead of all its competitors in the car engine manufacturers’ market.
Toyota was founded in 1937 by Kiichiro Toyoda. Its corporate head office is in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Akio Toyoda is the current president. Their subsidiaries are Lexus, Daihatsu, Toyota Racing Development, etc. Their product line includes Automobiles, luxury vehicles, commercial vehicles, engines, robots.
Toyota is known for its world-class products, especially engines. It has been one of the most technologically advanced organizations in the list of top car engine manufacturers. The car company is known for building the most efficient engines that have a long life and require the least maintenance.
Volkswagen is founded in 1937 by the German Labour Front. Their headquarters are located in Wolfsburg, Germany. Herbert Diess is the current CEO. Their subsidiaries are Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda Auto, Porsche, etc.
Volkswagen is the dominant player of the automobile industry. The German giant is known for its broad portfolio of products. In addition to this, the company owns different brands such as Audi, Bentley, Buggati, Porsche and Skoda. Ownership of premium car brands helps the enterprise in building the high-rated engines – one of the best among the chief car engine manufacturers.
Hyundai was founded in 1967 by Chung Ju-yung. Its corporate head office is in Seoul, South Korea. Jae Hoon Changis the current CEO. Their subsidiaries are Kia, Hyundai Automotive South Africa, etc. Their product line includes Automobiles, Luxury cars, Commercial vehicles, Engines, etc.
Hyundai is another big-league member of the automotive industry thus it was easy for the car brand to gain a top spot among the major car engine manufacturers. The South Korean car company has identified the needs of the audience and has introduced the most advanced car engines. These engines are undoubtedly one of the best in the modern car engines’ world.
General Motors was founded in 1908 by William C. Durant, Charles Stewart Mott, Frederic L. Smith. Its corporate head office is in Detroit, Michigan, United States. Mary Barra the current CEO. Their subsidiaries are Chevrolet, GMC, Cadillac, ACDelco, GM Financial, etc.
General Motors is one of the biggest companies in the automobile industry. GM is known for delivering the high power output engines that require low maintenance. It is another big brand that owns luxury car brands such as Chevrolet, Ravon, Buick, Cadillac, GMC and Jie Fang. Since its inception, the company has been a market leader when it comes to R&D, – testing, manufacturing and selling of car engines among the top car engine manufacturers.
Gasoline engines are the most common engines found in consumer vehicles. Compared to diesel engines, gasoline engines produce less environmental pollutants, generate less vibration and noise, and are lighter in weight. Also, due to the possibility of burning more, they are easier to refuel and the possibility of causing problems in starting the car in cold weather is less. However, these engines are a complete mix. Gasoline prices vary and it may be too expensive for some drivers to keep their gas-powered vehicles on the road. In addition, bad mixtures may seriously impair engine performance and cause permanent and irreparable damage. In addition, gasoline engines have a higher power ratio than their diesel counterparts, but have a shorter lifespan.
source:theengineerspost , topspeed , visionlaunch , reference , topteny , verifiedmarketresearch ,
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